27 - Countable vs Uncountable

A lot of
Se utiliza en frases afirmativas, delante de un sustantivo:
CONTABLE  plural:  I have got a lot of books.
INCONTABLE  singular:  I have got a lot of work.
Observaciones:
En inglés oral, a lot of también puede ser utilizado en frases interrogativas y negativas:
Have you got a lot of books? // We haven’t got a lot of time.
Much  "Mucho"	Many  "Muchos"
? (-) INCONTABLE	? (-) CONTABLE:  1,2,3,4
How much water is there in the swimming-pool?	How many apples are there in the basket?
There isn’t much water in the swimming-pool.	There aren’t many apples in the basket.
(A) LITTLE:   "poco"	(A) FEW   "pocos"
“A little” y “little”  INCONTABLES	“A few” y “few”CONTABLES en plural poca cantidad
I have a little free time today. Hoy tengo un poco de tiempo libre. (es suficiente)	I have a few friends. Tengo unos pocos amigos. (suficientes)
John has very little money. John tiene muy poco dinero. (es insuficiente)	There are few books in the library. Hay pocos ... (insuficientes)
SOME   AFIRMATIVAS.
a)  INCONTABLES, “some”  “algo de” .
I have some money. Tengo (algo de) dinero.
There is some water in the bottle. Hay (algo de) agua en la botella.
b)  CONTABLES (siempre en plural), “some” se usa delante de ellos para indicar “algunos/as”
There are some pictures on the wall. Hay (algunos) cuadros en la pared.
She is playing with some friends. Ella está jugando con (algunas) amigas.
ANY
a) INCONTABLES, “any”   “algo de” NEGATIVAS.
I don’t have any money. No tengo (nada de) dinero.
There isn’t any water in the bottle. No hay (nada de) agua en la botella.
Do you have any money? ¿Tienes (algo de) dinero?
Is there any water in the bottle? ¿Hay (algo de) agua en la botella?
b) CONTABLES “any” (cuando la oración es negativa) o “algunos/algunas” (cuando se usa en una pregunta),
There aren’t any pictures on the wall. No hay cuadros (ningún cuadro) en la pared.
Are there any chairs in the room? ¿Hay (algunas) sillas en la habitación?

26 - Must / Have to

Forma Afirmativa

"Must" se utiliza con el tiempo presente y futuro;  el emisor impone una obligación o consejo de manera enfática.

(Teacher) You must do your homework


"Have to" con pasado, presente y futuro; el emisor no impone ninguna obligación, se limita a comunicar una obligación que existe

(Student)  I have to do my homework

Forma Negativa

Cuando la oración es negativa el significado de estos dos verbos es diferente:

"Mustn't": no se debe hacer algo

"Don't have to": no es necesario hacer algo

You mustn't go to that meeting   (no debes ir ya que no has sido invitado)

You don't have to go to that meeting   (no es necesario que vayas; no se va a tratar nada interesante)

Vocabulary: Food and drinks

25 - English conversations: In a restaurant

WAITER                                                                        ME

-Are you ready to order? (Can I take your order?)    Yes, I would like to have broccoli with potatoes.
                                                                                         (Can I have the broccoli with potatoes?)
-Anything to drink?                                                     I´ll have a beer and a steal mineral water.
-Would you like to have dessert?                               Yes I´d like to.  I´ll have a fruit salad, please.
-Would you like coffee or tea with your dessert?     No I wouldn´t
-Would you like anything else?                                 No, nothing else  /  That´s all
    (anything else?)

-                                                 How much is it?  /  How much is all? / Can I have the bill?
-It´s 8.50 €                                 Here you are.      /  There is a mistake in the check    
             
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Waiter: Good evening
Client: A table for four please
Waiter: Very good

Waiter: Would you like a drink while you look at the menu?
Client: Yes, I’ll have a beer please. (No hace falta utilizar la manera más formal ‘I would like’.)

Waiter: Can I take your order..?
Client: Yes, for a starter I’ll have tomato soup, and main course steak and chips. (como entrante sopa de tomate y como plato principal un filete)

Waiter: Would you like dessert? ..... Do you want coffee?

Client: Can I have the bill please?


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Can we see the menu/the wine list?   Do you have a children’s menu?

What would you like to drink?

Soda/Juice/Water/Ice Tea
Gaseosa/Jugo/Agua/Te Helado

How would you like your meat?

Rare/Medium/well done, please
Roja/Cocida/Bien cocida, por favor

What kind of bread would you like?

White/Wheat/Toast
Blanco/Integral/Tostada

Would you like any dessert/Coffee or tea?

Can I have the check?