27 - Countable vs Uncountable

A lot of
Se utiliza en frases afirmativas, delante de un sustantivo:
CONTABLE  plural:  I have got a lot of books.
INCONTABLE  singular:  I have got a lot of work.
Observaciones:
En inglés oral, a lot of también puede ser utilizado en frases interrogativas y negativas:
Have you got a lot of books? // We haven’t got a lot of time.
Much  "Mucho"	Many  "Muchos"
? (-) INCONTABLE	? (-) CONTABLE:  1,2,3,4
How much water is there in the swimming-pool?	How many apples are there in the basket?
There isn’t much water in the swimming-pool.	There aren’t many apples in the basket.
(A) LITTLE:   "poco"	(A) FEW   "pocos"
“A little” y “little”  INCONTABLES	“A few” y “few”CONTABLES en plural poca cantidad
I have a little free time today. Hoy tengo un poco de tiempo libre. (es suficiente)	I have a few friends. Tengo unos pocos amigos. (suficientes)
John has very little money. John tiene muy poco dinero. (es insuficiente)	There are few books in the library. Hay pocos ... (insuficientes)
SOME   AFIRMATIVAS.
a)  INCONTABLES, “some”  “algo de” .
I have some money. Tengo (algo de) dinero.
There is some water in the bottle. Hay (algo de) agua en la botella.
b)  CONTABLES (siempre en plural), “some” se usa delante de ellos para indicar “algunos/as”
There are some pictures on the wall. Hay (algunos) cuadros en la pared.
She is playing with some friends. Ella está jugando con (algunas) amigas.
ANY
a) INCONTABLES, “any”   “algo de” NEGATIVAS.
I don’t have any money. No tengo (nada de) dinero.
There isn’t any water in the bottle. No hay (nada de) agua en la botella.
Do you have any money? ¿Tienes (algo de) dinero?
Is there any water in the bottle? ¿Hay (algo de) agua en la botella?
b) CONTABLES “any” (cuando la oración es negativa) o “algunos/algunas” (cuando se usa en una pregunta),
There aren’t any pictures on the wall. No hay cuadros (ningún cuadro) en la pared.
Are there any chairs in the room? ¿Hay (algunas) sillas en la habitación?

26 - Must / Have to

Forma Afirmativa

"Must" se utiliza con el tiempo presente y futuro;  el emisor impone una obligación o consejo de manera enfática.

(Teacher) You must do your homework


"Have to" con pasado, presente y futuro; el emisor no impone ninguna obligación, se limita a comunicar una obligación que existe

(Student)  I have to do my homework

Forma Negativa

Cuando la oración es negativa el significado de estos dos verbos es diferente:

"Mustn't": no se debe hacer algo

"Don't have to": no es necesario hacer algo

You mustn't go to that meeting   (no debes ir ya que no has sido invitado)

You don't have to go to that meeting   (no es necesario que vayas; no se va a tratar nada interesante)

Vocabulary: Food and drinks

25 - English conversations: In a restaurant

WAITER                                                                        ME

-Are you ready to order? (Can I take your order?)    Yes, I would like to have broccoli with potatoes.
                                                                                         (Can I have the broccoli with potatoes?)
-Anything to drink?                                                     I´ll have a beer and a steal mineral water.
-Would you like to have dessert?                               Yes I´d like to.  I´ll have a fruit salad, please.
-Would you like coffee or tea with your dessert?     No I wouldn´t
-Would you like anything else?                                 No, nothing else  /  That´s all
    (anything else?)

-                                                 How much is it?  /  How much is all? / Can I have the bill?
-It´s 8.50 €                                 Here you are.      /  There is a mistake in the check    
             
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Waiter: Good evening
Client: A table for four please
Waiter: Very good

Waiter: Would you like a drink while you look at the menu?
Client: Yes, I’ll have a beer please. (No hace falta utilizar la manera más formal ‘I would like’.)

Waiter: Can I take your order..?
Client: Yes, for a starter I’ll have tomato soup, and main course steak and chips. (como entrante sopa de tomate y como plato principal un filete)

Waiter: Would you like dessert? ..... Do you want coffee?

Client: Can I have the bill please?


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Can we see the menu/the wine list?   Do you have a children’s menu?

What would you like to drink?

Soda/Juice/Water/Ice Tea
Gaseosa/Jugo/Agua/Te Helado

How would you like your meat?

Rare/Medium/well done, please
Roja/Cocida/Bien cocida, por favor

What kind of bread would you like?

White/Wheat/Toast
Blanco/Integral/Tostada

Would you like any dessert/Coffee or tea?

Can I have the check?

     

                                    

Vocabulary: fruits and vegetables

24 - Would you like...? and more questions...

-Would you like chicken for lunch?  No, I wouldn´t,  I´m a vegetarian.

-What would you like to drink?    Can I HAVEN´T a bottle of red wine please?

-Would you like anythig to eat?      -I´ll GET this.

-Would you like anything else?    or     -anything else?  No, nothing else /  That´s all.



-What are you HAVING?     -I´ll HAVE the SAME, please     -Same again, please

-CAN I HAVE same apples?   How many apples?  or   How many?

-It´s a rip-off (es muy caro)    or    a bargain (ganga)

-COULD we SEE a menu, please?

-Eat in or take a way?

-What CAN I GET you?        I´m  just looking     or    Just looking

-I´ll have...., please...

• a pint of lager.
• a glass of white wine
• a orange juice
• a diet coke
• a beer please
 

-Can I have the.....?             or       How much is it?  (si es un simple café, por ejemplo)

• bill  (cuenta)
• ticket (entrada, billete de transporte)
• recipt (ticket de la máquina)
• invoice (factura)
• recipe (receta cocina)
• prescription (médica)

-Here you are....   Aqui tienes...

-What size?

-There are only 18 pens left   (Hay solo 18 lápices ("dejados"))
-I don´t have pens left   (No tengo suficientes lápices)
-I don´t have time left.  (No tengo suficiente tiempo)

It´s a dish make of....

• boiled pasta with fried tomatoe sauce.
• roasted chicken witth potatoes.
• boiled rice and fish

 

• roasted = asado (con grasa)
• baked = horneado (sin grasa)
• grilled = a la plancha
• fried = frito
• boiled = cocido
• Sauce = salsa
• sliced bread = rebanada de pan
• Chopped = troceado cuadrados
•  Soda drink = bebnida sin burbujas
• fuzzy drink = bebida con burbujas
• Still water (agua destilada, sin burbujas)
• Sparkling mineral water = agua mineral con gas.

Saludo ----->>    How do you do?              Respuesta ----->>   How do you do?    (en una tienda por ejemplo)

Customer: Cliente que paga por algo físico
Client: Cliente que paga por un servicio.

Cafe puede ser:  (tamaño)
-Short / Mediun / Tall

23 - English Action and State verbs / Have Been + V. ING

In English language there are verbs that are not normally used in the Continuous Tense, because they describe rather state than an action. They are called State Verb (stative verbs, non-progressive verbs).

Here are some verbs that are not normally used in the Continuous Tense:

	like	dislike	love	hate
	prefer	remember	forget	believe
	mean	seem	understand	want
	need	know	belong	own

The verbs that can be used in the Continuous Tense are called Action Verbs (dynamic verbs).

Some verbs can be both state and action verbs depending on their meaning:

I think you made a mistake. (think = believe) / I am thinking about my mum now. (think = mental process)

I have two cars. (have = possess, own)  /  I am having my lunch now. (have = eat)

I see what you mean.    See = understand  /  I am seeing my friend tomorrow evening. (see = meeting with)

HAVE BEEN + V. ING

I have been dancing at the party last night since two o´clock.

I have danced at the party last night since two o´clock

Sam has been having his car for two years.

Sam has had his car for two years. 
 

Steven Spielberg has been directing 20 movies since 1970. (No se pueden dirigir 20 películas a la vez)

Steven Spielberg has directed 20 films since 1970.

22 - WOULD LIKE TO / Past Simple vs Present Perfect

Sb + WOULD LIKE + TO (Infinitive) + Comp

se usa para hablar de tus gustos personales o costumbres

I would like to answer that question

Would you like some tea?

Sb + WOULD LIKE + Vb (ING) + Comp

 -para hablar de lo que te gusta en general. No de manera específica.

 I would like eating ice-creams

MUY IMPORTANTE: No obstante, si utilizamos la estructura "I would like" el verbo que le sigue siempre va en infinitivo con "to".


Por ejemplo: I would like to go (Desearía irme), I would like to say something (Me gustaría decir algo), She would like to write a letter (A ella le gustaría escribir una carta), 

They would like to run (A ellos les gustaría correr), etc. 

Past Simple vs Present Perfect

21 - How long... / Since... / for ...

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE + how long & since / for

how long (cuánto tiempo, hace cuánto tiempo, por cuánto tiempo, qué tiempo)

How long has your father had that car? 
How long have you lived in this city?
How long have you been at this school?

  

since (desde) Usamos para referirnos cuándo la acción tuvo su comienzo, es decir desde qué año, fecha, mes, semana, día, etc. viene ocurriendo la acción.

My father has had that car since February. 
I have lived in this city since I was born.
I have been at this school since 2010.

  

for (hace, por)  Usamos para mencionar el periodo total de tiempo que una acción viene ocurriendo, es decir aquí calculamos el tiempo desde el inicio de la acción hasta ahora, puede ser: hace dos años, hace siete meses, hace seis semanas, etc

My father has had that car for seven months. 
I have lived in this city for a long time.
I have been at this school for two years.

How long hasn´t anybody come to see you?     Hace cuanto tiempo que  no viene nadie a verte?

How long have I had this job?   You have had this job since 2010

When did anybody last come to see you?   cuando vino alguien ultimamente a verte?

When did you last start to cut the tree?  I last started cut the tree on saturday.